As Larry posted, the 10b uses the same chuck locking mechanism as the "late model" 8a's, also the 94's, so there are quite a few of them around. The system does work well, but the lack of chuck backplates on the market is a bit of a pisser.
It's differential threading at work - the locking ring threads onto the spindle nose with a coarse thread and off the chuck with a fine(r) thread, so the net effect advances the chuck towards the spindle nose with a lot of mechanical advantage, so to speak.
There is a setscrew (or maybe 2? can't remember) in the spindle side of the locking ring that limits the ring range of travel. Take that out and the ring is free to move farther. Rotate the ring 180 degrees from its original position and try it again. You may have to rotate the ring the other way on the chuck before finding the right starting position, but likely there is a position that works. But if not, removing the locating pin gives even more options. Be careful not to run the lathe in reverse if you do that :-)
I'm guessing here, but the allen screws might just be the mounting screws for the chuck?